Aim. The article describes the methods, techniques, principles of teaching and a system of various exercises recommended for use in high school when learning the pronouns of the Lezgian.

   Methods. The study uses a set of methods and techniques for analyzing factual material in accordance with the set purpose and objectives of the work. The leading method is the linguistic description method, which involves the analysis of the facts of a language, their systematization and classification according to the essential features for a given language. In addition, other methods and techniques were used, including comparison or comparison by similarity and difference of facts of linguistic phenomena; study, analysis and generalization of the experience of teachers – specialists of the native language, etc.

   Results. To form the concept of a pronoun, it is necessary to reveal the general meaning of the index characteristic of all pronouns, and emphasize their lack of ability to name an object and feature.

   Conclusions. For the practical assimilation of pronouns by students in high school, it is possible to recommend various teaching methods that a teacher can use in Lezgian lessons in order to achieve better results in their work. The most effective of them include: the method of analyzing the material, the method of observation, comparison or comparison of the material on various grounds, the use of visibility and a system of exercises, etc.

   The aim of the study is to identify the features, problems and specifics of adaptation in a foreign language environment of foreign students.

   In accordance with this goal, the authors used methods of analysis and generalization of literary sources, the results of mass questionnaires and surveys, an experimental study of existing teaching experience, as well as the study of achievements in the studied issue by domestic representatives of different specialties and scientists abroad. The analysis of the material of the
works of scientists and teachers who studied the problems of adaptation, concretized and expanded the understanding of this problem. The results of the study make it possible to summarize domestic and foreign experience related to the study of adaptation problems, as well as to address those issues that were not disclosed in previous works.

   Conclusions. The features of adaptation problems, conditions and the whole complex of difficulties arising in the process are identified and described, a tool for identifying the most significant patterns is presented, and the most productive solutions are proposed.

   Аim. To substantiate the role of mathematical problems with practical content for the formation of mathematical literacy of students.

   Methods. Analysis of pedagogical literature, analysis of textbooks on mathematics for primary school, conversation, observation, analysis of pedagogical experience.

   Result. The ways of formation of mathematical literacy of students in the study of mathematics in primary school by solving problems are considered. The analysis of tasks in mathematics textbooks for the sixth and seventh grades for the presence of practical tasks that effectively form the mathematical literacy of students is carried out.

   Conclusion. In the article, we focused on solving practical problems in mathematics lessons in the sixth and seventh grades. Solving problems of this kind carries out the transfer of acquired knowledge into practical activities, activates interest in applied tasks and the study of mathematics in general, thereby contributing to the formation of mathematical literacy of students.

   Аim. Theoretically substantiate the significance of teaching students creative foreign-language written speech through composition of a biopoem and propose a system of exercises-tasks.

   Methods. Theoretic: analysis of scientific and methodical literature, pedagogical modeling of the content of teaching written creative tasks; empirical: observation of the learning process, conversation, evaluation of the results of educational activity.

   Results. The technology of controlled training in writng of creative texts in English in the form of a biopoem at the senior stage of training is scientifically substantiated, theoretically developed and tested. The aim of this educational system is to equip students with a new level of foreign-language writing skills, enabling them to participate in the dialogue of cultures.

   Conclusion. Controlled and motivated mastering of students' creative techniques of work with a written text helps to increase the level of formation of students' skills in written speech in English.

   This article presents an analysis of the results of a study on optimizing the structure of training equipment at the pre-competition stage of the preparatory period of the annual cycle of sports training for junior boxers.

   The aim is to identify the optimal ratio of training tools at this stage, contributing to the growth of sports results.

   Methods. Analysis of literary sources, observation, questionnaire, method of mathematical data processing, generalization.

   Results. Theoretical analysis of scientific data and our research have revealed the need to make adjustments to the ratio of training tools at the pre-competition stage for junior boxers, which would allow them to more successfully solve the tasks of improving sports skills and achieving high results in the annual training cycle.

   Conclusions. It is established that the growth of sports achievements of junior boxers is determined by the rational distribution and optimal ratio of the structure of training equipment of various specialization and orientation at the pre-competition stage of the preparatory period, taking into account the rank of the competition, age and individual characteristics of athletes.

   The aim of the paper is to show the process of teaching astronomy to college students in a digital educational environment (DEE).

   Methods. Analysis of literature on the research topic, study and generalization of teaching experience.

   Result. The digital educational environment has solved the problem of lack of visibility in teaching astronomy. The paper provides recommendations for the use of various digital educational resources, as components of the DEE, when teaching astronomy to college students.

   Conclusion. The use of the didactic capabilities of DEE in the educational process develops students' cognitive interest in astronomical knowledge and contributes to the formation of a natural scientific worldview.

   Aim. Consider the possibility of using the vector coordinate method in calculating angles between straight lines and planes.

   Methods. An analytical and synthetic method that allows you to calculate the angles between straight lines and planes without making a visual drawing.

   Result. The use of the coordinate method in calculating angles is illustrated by examples of solving various types of stereometric problems.

   Conclusion. The vector coordinate method can be effectively used in solving stereometric problems for calculating angles between straight lines and planes.

   Аim. The study of ways to improve students' memory in order to improve the level of education.

   Method. Analysis of psychological, pedagogical, and medical literature.

   Results. The authors present all types of memory, their localization, and motivational aspects aimed at improving the quality of students' knowledge.

   Conclusion. The teaching staff should help students of the Department of Anatomy improve their attitude to the medical profession, teach them to analyze, overcome alienation, passivity and imaginary digestibility. The fundamental basis of learning is motivation, the ability to synthesize and summarize many interesting facts, figures, ideas and fix them in memory in the cerebral cortex throughout life.

   The aim of the article is to analyze the importance of teaching Arabic vocabulary in secondary school, which consists in the formation of students' lexical skills within a certain minimum to be memorized at school.

   Methods. The use of a dictionary, lexical games, crossword puzzles, song material and poems, listening games.

   Results. Vocabulary is used in all spheres of life and thanks to it we can convey any information. The rich vocabulary of the language speaks about the level of intellectual development of a person. Therefore, when teaching a language, it is important to teach students as many words as possible.

   Conclusions. Learning vocabulary is an integral part of learning a foreign language, without which it is impossible to learn it. In this regard, the correct presentation of lexical material leads to successful knowledge acquisition, and a variety of teaching methods allows you to make the educational process more exciting.

   The aim is to familiarize students with the linguistic and methodological foundations of teaching the composition of the word and word formation of the Russian language, taking into account interference.

   Methods. The study and analysis of scientific and methodological literature, observation, comparison, method of error analysis, generalization of personal experience in the Lezgian school.

   Results. Work on the morphemics and word formation of the Russian language should be carried out taking into account the specifics of the native language and the peculiarities of the language being studied. The specific difficulties associated with differences in the structure of words, the forms of their change and the ways of word formation in the Russian language are considered.

   Conclusions. The proposed methods of teaching the composition of words and word formation based on the native language help to prevent errors caused by interference, contribute to the development of students' linguistic flair, activate cognitive activity and increase interest in learning the Russian language.

   Aim. The article analyzes the problems of educating the younger generation by means of the artistic culture of Dagestan.

   Methods. To prevent the deformation of the worldview and value orientations of the younger generation and the development of patriotism, the article suggests: to focus on the study of national history, which will allow to understand and positively evaluate the historical heritage of their country and strengthen their patriotic feelings; to introduce them to the culture of their native land, to study the customs and traditions of the people, which will help to form respect for their past to develop tolerance and strengthen the sense of belonging to one's own people.

   Results. Studying the artistic culture of the native land: organizing visits to theaters, museums, exhibitions and concerts, conducting creative workshops and festivals that reflect the current problems of modern society and the most important stages of the history of the people, inextricably
linked with the development of characteristic trends of Russian culture, will allow the younger generation to broaden their horizons and develop aesthetic tastes, form patriotism, citizenship, service to the Fatherland and responsibility for its fate, high moral ideals, etc.

   Conclusion. Studying the artistic culture of the native land will help students realize the beauty and significance of art, which in turn contributes to the formation of a deep understanding and penetration into the world of spiritual values of compatriots.

   Global social changes naturally entail an essential transformation of modern didactics. The scientific development and practice-oriented development of pedagogical rhetoric currently demonstrate the need for a more systematic implementation and rethinking, the triad "Logos, ethos, pathos" orients researchers and practitioners mainly with regard to the implementation of a translational approach, insufficiently implementing integration, intersubjective, system-forming and developing components of cooperation between teaching and learning subjects of education.

   The aim of our study was to determine the specifics of the organization and content of pedagogical rhetoric in relation to the developing, integrating, meta-systemically oriented components of an addressable communicative and pedagogical resource.

   Pedagogical rhetoric, like education in general, faces the problem of effective development adequate to the tasks and demands of the entire education system – and at the same time preserving the classical achievements of science and the practice of verbal educational communication. The current improvement of inclusive education and the expansion of the range of provision of general and special educational needs of students in connection with the introduction and implementation of Federal State Educational Standards complicates and quantitatively multiplies the space for solving these tasks.

   The methods of our work were the theoretical study of correlating aspects of the goal-oriented achievements of modern didactic rhetoric, classical teaching traditions, available innovative resources in this field, practical research of the effectiveness of various approaches in teaching practice, satisfaction and psycho-emotional well-being of all participants in the socio-educational dialogue, modeling and testing of system-forming components and organizational foundations of developing pedagogical rhetoric.

   The authors consider the issues of implementing developmental educational rhetoric in the context of the interaction of targeted methodological tools in this area between different levels of educational employment of higher and secondary educational levels of education, based on the materials of long-term research with the participation of students, teachers, practitioners and heads of educational organizations, parent communities in the format of consulting and supervision, information and methodological support of public organizations on the basis of the Interregional Interdepartmental Internet Lounge "Belaya Rech" led by the authors, a number of cathedral and friendly sites, a consulting and correction room, creative project workshops of teachers and the public. The authors use here the practice-oriented principles and method of transposition of technological resources of educational cooperation between teachers and students developed by them in the form of an active transfer of a whole cluster of developing technologies initially to the learning process of future teachers – and then to the sphere of educational support for children and adolescents of various nosological groups. The method of transposition of general and special pedagogical rhetoric here ensures continuity and organicity, integrity of the acquired competencies of students of pedagogical orientation – and prospects for their effective implementation in preschool and school educational organizations.

   The results of the study: the variable models of the organization and provision of traditional and developing pedagogical rhetoric, related methodological aspects are summarized, the goal-setting components in this area are analyzed, a model of an effective and economical system of pedagogical rhetoric is developed and tested, diagnostic approaches are proposed to scientists and practitioners in relation to this area of teaching organization.

   Conclusion. The proposed methods for improving pedagogical rhetoric are necessary and effective, have a beneficial effect not only on the effectiveness of educational processes, but also contribute to the actualization of the hidden potential of self-development of students, are economically rational due to a more appropriate allocation of time and effort of participants, improve the indicators of psychoemotional well-being of students and teachers.

   Аim. The study of lexicography as an effective tool for achieving mutual understanding and understanding between cultures, using as an example the process of compiling Russian-Chechen dictionaries.

   Methods. The theoretical and practical methods used by us, for example, analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, modeling, etc. The aim of the study was to improve communication and mutual understanding between languages, study the structure and grammar of both languages to identify common and various linguistic features, cultural contexts in which certain words and expressions are used. Effective use of methods can ensure the creation of dictionaries that not only reflect linguistic aspects, but also take into account cultural characteristics, thereby contributing to better understanding and understanding between the Russian and Chechen languages.

   Results. Compared to previous versions of dictionaries (from the Middle Ages, where there were primitive forms of words based on stone, clay or parchment), modern dictionaries supported by information technologies provide translations, interpretations, audio communication and other interactive functions, making language learning more exciting and effective.

   Conclusion. Lexicography provides the means to identify common linguistic elements, which contributes to the convergence of the Russian and Chechen languages and, consequently, their cultures, also allows for more precise definition of the meanings of words and expressions in various contexts, contributing to better understanding between native speakers of both languages, preserving the unique features of languages and cultures, preventing their loss in the result globalization.

   The aim of the article is to describe the specifics of using the reception and production of public speech activity of modern digital resources and digital content in the process of teaching foreign language future teachers of Russian as a foreign language (RFL).

   Methods. This study is based on the study of the ideas of domestic researchers about the specifics of using various types of digital resources and digital content. The practice of the pedagogical process in working with foreign students is analyzed.

   Results. Promising directions for the development of undergraduates’ education have been identified, taking into account the specifics of providing reception and products of public speech activity.

   Conclusions. The introduction of the practice of using AI systems and digital resources by students should be accompanied by supervision by the teacher, while their gradual introduction will allow to intensify the educational process.

   The aim of the article is to study the influence of professional activity conditions on the motivation of the coaching staff on the basis of data from a survey of employees of sports schools.

   Methods. This study is based on the methods of analyzing the theoretical source base and the questionnaire method, which made it possible to conduct experimental work, on the basis of which qualitative conclusions were drawn.

   Results. The study of the theoretical basis allowed us to say that the problem of the influence of professional activity conditions on the motivation of the coaching staff of sports schools is not fully understood. At the same time, one of the problems is the lack of knowledge of the quantitative characteristics that determine the understanding of the influence of pedagogical conditions on the motivation of the coaching staff. The work carried out allows us to say that there is a significant difference in understanding the conditions that determine the possibility of developing motivation for professional coaching on the part of the coaches them-selves and on the part of the management of sports schools.

   Conclusion. As a result of the work done, it can be stated that among the promising areas for improving the work of coaches, from the point of view of motivation development, it is possible to highlight the improvement of the supply of schools, the improvement of practices to support additional professional development and practices to encourage the work of the coaching staff.

   The аim of this article is to describe promising information technologies in teaching mathematics to students of pedagogical universities.

   Focusing on the technology of chatbots, language models and AI, the authors of the study present their own and comprehensive opinion on the prospects for the development of the process of teaching mathematics in universities using catboats.

   Methods. This study is based on theoretical methods of pedagogical research, literature analysis on the features of using chatbots, language models and AI in teaching mathematics, studying the products of graduate students, synthesis, comparison and modeling.

   Results. Promising directions of using chatbots in the process of teaching mathematics to students of pedagogical universities have been identified. The features of reducing the teacher's workload when teaching mathematics using chatbots are highlighted.

   Conclusions. Despite the prospects of using chatbots, AI systems and language models in the process of teaching mathematics to students, it can be stated that their potential has not been fully revealed. However, there is already a need to improve the learning process, taking into account the development of chatbot technologies.

   The aim of this study is to present a systematic review of scientific research on defense mechanisms manifested in interethnic relations, with an emphasis on mechanisms that individuals and groups use to maintain their identity, regulate tension, and overcome conflicts.

   Methods. The study was conducted with the participation of 250 individuals from various ethnic groups in Makhachkala, aged 18 to 45 years, with different levels of education and social status. Structured questionnaires were used to identify defense mechanisms in interethnic interactions. The questionnaires were filled out anonymously to ensure the sincerity of the responses.

   Results. The analyzed data revealed various defense mechanisms, including denial of differences, projection of stereotypes, and compensation through emphasizing ethnic identity. Key factors influencing the activation of strategies were identified, including the level of education, experience of interaction with other ethnic groups, and involvement in social networks.

   Conclusions. The study confirmed the significance of defense mechanisms in interethnic relations. Recommendations include the development of programs aimed at strengthening empathy and understanding between ethnic groups, further research on the influence of media on stereotype formation and perception of interethnic relations. It is also important to promote the creation of a culture of mutual understanding where respect for diversity is a key societal value. These measures are aimed at reducing the use of defense mechanisms and preventing conflicts, contributing to creating conditions for more positive interethnic interaction.

   The aim of the article reveals the psychological content of the concepts of "morality" and "ethics" in the view of domestic and foreign scientific schools.

   Methods. Analysis of the literature devoted to the concepts of "morality" and "morality", a method of comparative analysis.

   Results. The results of an empirical cross-cultural study of moral self-awareness conducted on samples of Dagestani and Russian youth are presented.

   Conclusion. If we consider the interethnic features of solving moral dilemmas, comparing the data of men separately and women separately, we see an almost complete absence of fundamental differences when representatives of one culture make one of the decisions, and the other – the opposite.